Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules p. 63

Most macromolecules are polymers p. 63

•  Polymer
• monomer
• condensation reactions
• dehydration reactions
• hydrolysis

• Figure 5.2 p. 64

 

A limitless variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers p. 65

Organisms use carbohydrates for fuel and building material p. 65

• Carbohydrates
• –ose ending

• Figure 5.3 p. 65

• Monosaccharides
• Examples
• Importance
• Disaccharides
• Glycosidic linkage
• Examples
• Importance

• Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharides p. 67

 

• Polysaccharides
• Importance
• Examples
• Storage Polysaccharides p. 66
• Starch
• 1-4 linkage
• glycogen
• Structural polysaccharides p. 68
• Cellulose
• Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures compared. P. 68
• Chitin

 

Lipids are mostly hydrophobic molecules with diverse functions p. 70

• Lipids
• Affinity to water
• 3 important families of lipids
• Fats
• Fatty acids
• Structure
• Figure 5.10 The structure of a fat, or tricylglycerol p. 70
• Saturated fatty acids
• Unsaturated fatty acids
• Importance and examples of fats
• Adipose tissue
• Phospholipids p. 72
• Structure
• Function
• Figure 5.12a, b, c The structure of a phospholipid p. 72( you will need to be able to recognize a phospholipid)

 

• Figure 5.13 p. 73  Micelle/ phospholipid bilayer

 

• Steroids p. 73
• Structure
• Function
• Examples
• Cholesterol
• Figure 5.14 p. 73 Cholesterol: a steroid(be able to recognize)

 

Proteins are the molecular tools for most cellular functions p. 73

§         Table 5.1 An overview of Protein Function p. 73

§         Uses

§         Conformation

A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids connected in a specific sequence p. 74

• Amino acid
• Remember that the physical and chemical properties of the side chain determine the unique characteristics of particular amino acid.
• Peptide bond
• Polypeptide
• Figure 5.15 p. 75

A protein’s function depends on its specific conformation p. 74

·        Be able to explain what is meant by “ a protein’s function depends on its specific conformation.

 

 

·        Figure 5.16 p. 76 Polypeptide chains…will be on test

 

Four Levels of Protein structure p. 74

Primary structure(define)

 

 

 

 

·        Figure 5.18 p. 77

Secondary Structure(define) p. 79

 

 

 

 

·        Alpha helix

·        Pleated sheet

·        Figure 5.20 p. 78

Tertiary Structure (define) p. 79

 

 

 

 

·        Disulfide bridges

·        Figure. 5.22 p. 80

Quaternary structure (define) p. 80

 

 

 

 

 

·        Figure 5.23 p. 80

·        Figure 5.24 The four levels of protein structure p. 81

 

What determines Protein Conformation? P. 80

·        What are environmental factors that impact protein conformation?

·        Denaturation

 

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information p. 83

·        Gene

·        DNA

·        RNA

·        DNA            RNA                 Protein

·        Figure 5.26 Overview p. 83

A DNA strand is a polymer with an information-rich sequence of nucleotides p. 84

·        Nucleotide(structure)

·        Figure 5.27 p. 84

·        Nitrogen bases:

·        Purines

·        Pyrimidines

·        Base pairing rules

·        Double helix