chapter 48 nervous systems p. 1022

 

Nervous systems perform the three overlapping functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output. p.1023

·        3 overlapping functions

§         sensory input

§         integration

§         motor output

·        Central Nervous System (CNS)

·        Motor Output

·        Effector cells

·        Nerves

·        Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Networks of neurons with intricate connections form nervous systems p. 1023

§         Neuron p. 1023 Figure 48.2 Neuron

§         Supporting cells

Neurons Structure and Synapses p. 1023

§         Cell body

§         Dendrites

§         Axons

§         Schwann cells

§         Myelin Sheath

§         Synaptic terminals

§         Synapse

§         Sensory neurons

§         Interneurons

§         Motor neurons

§         Figure 48.2  Neuron structure; p. 1023

A simple nerve circuit—the reflex arc p. 1024

·        Reflex

·        Reflex arc

·        Sensory neurons

·        Motor neurons

·        Effector cell

·        Interneurons

·        Ganglia

 

Supporting cells (Glia) p. 1025

§         Purpose-

§         Glial cells

§         Myelin sheath/schwann cells/ Nodes of Rainer p. 1026 Figure 48.5

·        Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

·        Salutatory action

§         Multiple sclerosis

 

Every cell has a voltage, or membrane potential, across its plasma membrane. p. 1026

·        Membrane potential

§         Range (across the membrane)

§         Voltage outside of cell:

§         What does the minus sign indicate?

§         Principal cation in the intracellular fluid: K⁺

·        Major anion: proteins, amino acids…and other negatively charged ions. Symbolized by A^-

§         Principal cation for extracellular fluid: Na⁺

·        Major anion: Cl^-

·        This section reviews briefly gated channels etc…read over….

 

Changes in Membrane Potential of a neuron give rise to nerve impulses p. 1028

·        p. 1029 Figure 48.8

·        Excitable cells

·        Resting potential

·        Gated ion channels

·        Hyperpolaization

·        Depolarization

·        Theshold potential

·        Action Potential

·        Voltage-gated channels

·        Refractory period

·        Undershoot

 

Nerve impulses propagate themselves along an axon  p. 1031

·        Figure 48.11 Saltatory conduction p. 1032

·        Nodes of Ranvier

 

Chemical or electrical communication between cells OCCURS at Synapses. P. 1033

·        Presynaptic cell

·        Postsynaptic cell

·        Electrical synapses

§         Gap junctions

·        Chemical synapses

§         Synaptic cleft

§         synaptic vesicles

§         Neurotransmitter

§         Presynaptic membrane

§         Postsynaptic membrane

 

Neurotransmitters and receptors p. 1037

·        Acetylcholine

·        Epinephrine

·        Norepinephrine

·        Dopamine

·        Endorphins

nervous systems show diverse patterns of organization p. 1038

·        Nerve net p. 1039 Figure 48.15a

·        Nerve cord (planarian) Planarian picture p. 1039 Figure 48.15b-d

 

 

Vertebrate nervous systems have central and peripheral components p. 1040

·        p. 1040 Figure 48.16

The Peripheral Nervous system p. 1040

·        p. 1041 Figure 48.18

·        Sensory division

·        Motor division

·        Somatic nervous system

·        Autonomic Nervous System

§         Parasympathetic division (nervous system)

 

 

§         Sympathetic division (nervous system)

 

 

Evolutionary older structures of the vertebrate brain regulate essential automatic and integrative functions p. 1043

·        p. 1043 Figure 48.20

·        Spinal cord

·        Brain

·        Brain parts and what they do

§         Meninges

§         White matter

§         Grey matter

§         Cerebrum

§         Cerebellum

§         Thalamus

§         Hypothalamus

§          Medulla Oblongata

§         Pons