Chapter 30 Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants p. 597

Overview of seed plant evolution p. 597

·        Seed plants

 

·        In seed plants which is the dominant stage, gametophyte or sporophyte?

 

Reduction of the gametophyte continued with the evolution of seed plants p. 598

·        What are the benefits for evolving a reduced gametophyte that is retained within the parental sporophyte?

 

 

Seeds became an important mean of dispersing offspring p. 599

·        How is a seed different from a spore? Focus on adaptations to harsh environments

 

 

·         Seeds are heterosporus, meaning they have two different types of sporangia that produce two types of spores:

§         Megaspore (megasporangia)

 

 

§         Microspore (microsporangia) develops into pollen grains

 

 

·        Integuments- layers of sporophyte tissues that surround and protect the megasporangia.

·        Ovule- includes the Integuments, megasporangia, and Megaspore

§         The female gametophyte develops inside of the megaspore…producing one or more egg cells.

 

§         Fertilized egg cells develop into a sporophyte embryo.

 

 

§         The whole ovule develops into a seed.

 

 

Pollen eliminated the liquid-water requirement for fertilization p. 600

·        What is pollination? Why is it beneficial to land plants?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gymnosperms (naked seeds) p. 600

·        Four divisions of gymnosperms: page 601 Figure 30.4

§         Know examples of the following. Page 602 Figure 30.5 and 30.6; page 604 Figure 30.8

§         Phyla Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)

§         Phyla Cycadophyta (cycads)

§         Phyla Coniferophyta (conifer)

 

·        Conifers: list several adaptations

§         Evergreen (not all are evergreen)

§         Needle-shaped leaves

§         Sporophylls- specialized leaves that develop the ovules and seeds

 

The life cycle of a pine demonstrates the key reproductive adaptations of seed plants p. 603

·        List 3 key terrestrial adaptations in plant reproduction

 

·        Figure 30.9. The life cycle of a pine Page 605

 

 

·        The pine tree is a _____________

·        Sporangia are located on …

 

 

·        Conifers are heterosporous: How are the male and female gametophyte different in conifers?

·        Male cones

·        Female cones

 

 

 

 

Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) p. 606

·        Division Anthophyta (antho, flower)

§         2 classes Figure 35.1 A comparison of monocots and dicots

·        Monocotyledons

·        Dicotyledons

·        Eudicots

 

The flower is the defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms p. 608

·        The Flower

§         Figure 30.13 page 608  Flower anatomy

§         Know the following:

·        Sepals

 

·        Petals

 

·        Stamens

 

·        Carpels

 

·        Filament

 

·        Anther

 

·        Stigma

 

·        Style

 

·        Ovary

 

·        Complete flowers: contain all 4 floral structures: sepals, petals, stamens and carpels

 

·        Incomplete flowers: lacking one or more of the floral structures.

 

·        Perfect flower: contain stamens and carpels

 

·        Imperfect flower:  missing either stamen or carpels

 

Fruits help disperse the seed of angiosperms p. 608

·        The Fruit page 610 Figure 30.1

§         Definition/Purpose

 

 

 

§         Pericap

 

·        Types of fruits

§         Simple fruit- a single ovary produces a single fruit; cherry

 

§         Aggregate fruit- single flower with several carpals; blackberry

 

 

§         Multiple fruit- a group of tightly clustered flowers fuse together to produce one fruit; pineapple

 

The life cycle of an angiosperm is a highly refined version of the alternation of generations common to all plants p. 610

·        The Life cycle of angiosperms page 611 Figure 30.17

§         Know the following

§         Pollen grains (microspores)

 

§         Ovules (megaspores)

 

§         Embryo sac

 

§         Double fertilization (also read p. 789-790 and Figure 38.9)

 

·        What is its function?

 

§         Cotyledon

 

§         Endosperm

 

 

 

 

Angiosperms and animals have shaped one another’s evolution p. 611

How so? Coevolution

 

 

 

Plants and Human welfare Table 30.2 p. 613