Chapter 29 Plants and the Colonization of Land p. 575

Evolutionary adaptations to terrestrial living characterize the four main groups of land plants page 576

• What are the 4 main groups? List the evolutionary adaptations that separate the groups.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

• Vascular tissues
• What is a seed?
• Gymnosperm vs. angiosperm
• Table 29.1 page 576 Ten phyla of Extant Plants

 

• Figure 29.1 page 577 Some highlights of plant evolution

 

Several terrestrial adaptations distinguish land plants from algae p. 578

• What are several characteristics common to land plants but are absent in their closest algal relatives? (five derived characters unique to land plants)

 

 

      1. Apical Meristems, Produces of a Plant’s Tissues p. 578

• Why are roots and shoots important to land plants?

 

 

• Apical meristems-

 

• Figure 29.3 page 579

 

2. Multicellular, Dependent Embryos p. 579

• Placental transfer cells

 

• Embryocytes

 

3. Alternation of Generations p. 580

• Alternation of generation- two multicellular body forms, each form producing the other Figure 29.6 page 580  Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme
• Alternation of generation: Detailed

 

• What are the two multicellular forms?

 

 

• Gametophyte

 

• Haploid or diploid?
• Produces?

 

• Sporophyte

 

• Haploid or diploid?
• What does meiosis in the sporophyte produce?

 

• What are the differences between a gamete and a spore?

 

4. Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia p. 580

• What will spores produce? (note: all 4 major plant groups produce spores)

 

 

• What is the function of sporopollenin?...how does it help the plant?

 

 

• What is the function of the sporangia (sporangium)? Is it found in the gametophyte of sporophyte stage of a plant?

 

 

 

5. Multicellular Gametangia p. 581

• What are Gametangia? (note: only bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms produce Gametangia)

 

• What are archegonia (archegonium)?

 

 

• What are antheridia?

 

• Describe the sperm cells

 

 

 

• Where does fertilization take place?

 

6. Other terrestrial adaptations common to many land plants p 581

• List several adaptations that have evolved that allow plants to live on the land

 

 

 

 

 

1.      Adaptations for water conservation

• Cuticle
• Stomata (singular, stoma )

2.      Adaptations for Water transport

• Xylem
• Phloem
• Which major plant group lacks vascular tissues?

 

3.      Secondary Compounds as Terrestrial Adaptations

• Below are several secondary compound found in terrestrial plants. Beside each state the benefit(s) for plants.
• Alkaloids
• Flavonoids
• Alkaloid quinine

 

The Origin of Land Plants p. 582

Land plants evolved from charophycean algae over 500 million years ago p. 582

• Below is a list of evidence for phylogenetic connection between land plants and green algae. Briefly expand upon each

1.      Homologous chloroplasts

 

 

 

2.      homologous cellulose walls

 

 

 

3.      homologous peroxisomes

 

 

 

4.      homologous sperm

 

 

 

5.      molecular systematics

 

 

 

skip pages 583-584

 

Mosses (Division Bryophyta) p. 585

The three phyla of bryophytes are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts p. 585

·        Know examples of the 3 phyla of bryophytes p. 585 Figure 29.15

§         Liverworts (Phylum Hepatophyta)

§         Hornworts (Phylum Anthocerophyta)

§         Mosses (Phylum Bryophyta)

 

The gametophyte is the dominant generation in the life cycles of bryophytes p. 585

·        What is the meaning of the statement “gametophyte is the dominant generation in the life cycle”?

 

 

·        Protonema

·        Gametophore

·        Rhizoids (Purple rhizoids of Fossombronia foveolata)

·        How do rhizoids differ from roots?

 

 

·        Figure 29.16 p. 586 The Life cycle of a moss. Need to know the entire process. See handout/lecture

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bryophyte sporophytes disperse enormous numbers of spores. P. 587

 

·        Sporophyte

·        Seta

·        Sporangium

·        Capsule

Bryophytes provide many ecological and economic benefits p. 588

·        Sphagnum moss (peat)

 

 

 

The origin of vascular plants p. 589

·        Why are vascular tissues important?

§         Phloem and xylem

 

·        Branched sporophytes

·        Seedless vascular plants

A sporophyte-dominant life cycle evolved in seedless vascular plants p. 591

·        Know the comparison made between homosporous and heterosporous on the lower right of this page.

 

 

§         Megaspore develops into female gametophyte

 

 

§         Microspore develops into male gametophyte with antheridia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ferns (Division Pterophyta) p. 592 (note: the word “division” is used instead of the word phylum in plants)

·        Know Figure 29.23 p. 592 The life cycle of a fern

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

§         Prothallus

§         Fiddleheads

§         Sori

§         Rhizome Fern (sporophyte stage) with rhizome

 

 

·        Know example for each of the following phyla see 590 figure 29.21

§         Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses)

 

 

§         Phylum Spenophyta (horse tails)

 

 

§         Phylum Pterophyta (ferns)