Prokaryotes and the origins of metabolic diveristy

Chapter 27 Page 526-542

 

Overview

·        Symbiotic relationships

Archea and Bacteria are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution

·        Kingdom Monera contains….

·        Why the debate over dividing the prokaryotes into separate kingdoms?

·        Two branches of prokaryotic evolution. (Name, examples…)

·        Six kingdom system

·        3 domains

The Structure, Function, and Reproduction of Prokaryotes p. 528

 

Morphological diversity of Prokaryotes

·         Examples of this diversity i.e. size, cell shapes, colonies

·        Figure 27.3 p. 528

 

Nearly all prokaryotes have a cell wall external to the plasma membrane p. 528

Cell Surface

·        Peptidoglycan

·        Gram positive and gram negative bacteria

§         Structural differences between the two.

§         Why is one species more threatening than the other?

§         Figure 27.5 p 529

·        Two ways prokaryotes adhere to a substratum (substrate)

Many Prokaryotes are Motile p. 529

·        Three method of movement

·        Figure 27.7 p. 530

·        Taxis

§         Positive and negative response

§         Chemotaxis

§         Phototaxis

The Cellular genomic organization of prokaryotes is fundamentally different from that of eukaryotes p. 530

·        Nucleiod region

§         Shape of bacterial chromosome

§         Plastids

·        Function

 

Populations of prokaryotes grow and adapt rapidly p. 531

·        Do prokaryotes undergo mitosis and meiosis?

·        Binary fission

·        Optimum environments

·        Endospores

§         autoclave

·        Antibiotics

·        Three mechanisms of genetic recombination in prokaryotes

 

Major Modes of Nutrition p. 532

·        Photoautotrophs

·        Chemoautotrophs

·        Photoheterotrophs

·        Chemoheterotrophs

·        Autotroph

·        Heterotroph

·        Understand Table 27.1 pg 533

Nutritional Diversity Among CHemoheterotrophs p. 533

·        saprobes

·        parasites

·        bacteria and oil…what’s the deal?

Nitrogen Metabolism p. 533

·        Nitrogen fixation

 

 

·        Nitrogen cycle Figure 37.9 pg 775

 

 

 

Metabolic relationships to oxygen p. 533

·        Obligate aerobes

·        Facultative anaerobes

·        Obligate anaerobes

Photosynthesis evolved early on prokaryotic life. Pg 534

·        Read this section and have an awareness of this hypothetical sequence.

 

 

 

 

Molecular systematics is leading to a phylogenic classification of prokaryotes p. 535

·        Read this section and have an awareness…

 

 

 

 

Researchers are i dentifying a great diveristy of archea in exterme envrionments and in the oceans p. 535

·        extremophiles

·        extreme halophiles

·        extreme thermophiles

·        methanogens

 

Domain Archaea

·        3 main groups

·        Review Table 27.2 pg 537

Domain Bacteria

·        View groups pages 538-539

 

 

§         Closer attention; Gram positive, cyanobacteria, chlamydias

 

 

The Ecological impact of prokaryotes p. 540

·        Decomposers

 

 

Symbiotic Bacteria p. 540

·        Symbiosis

§         Symbionts and host

§         Three categories of symbiotic relationships

·        Mutualism

·        Commensalisms

·        Parasitism (parasite)

§         Note some examples of these relationships

Bacteria and disease p. 540

·        Opportunistic

 

 

·        Koch’s postulates (know)

 

 

 

 

 

·        Toxins

§         Exotoxins

§         endotoxins

Humans use prokaryotes in research and technology p. 542

 

·        Bioremediation