Chapter 2 The chemical context of life p. 26

Matter consist of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds p. 26

·        Matter

·        Element

·        Compound

·        Figure 2.1 The hierarchy of biological order p.27

 

Life requires about 25 chemical elements p. 27

·        Top 8 natural elements essential to life

·        Table 2.1 p. 28 Naturally Occurring Elements in the Human Body

·        Trace elements

·        Iodine/thyroid gland/goiter

 

Atomic structure determines the behavior of an element p. 28

·        Atom

·        Subatomic particles

·        Neutron

·        Electrons

·        Protons

·        Dalton

·        Atomic number and Atomic weight

·        Atomic number

·        Mass number

·        Atomic weight

·        Be able to determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in an atom.

·        Isotopes

·        Radioactive isotope

·        Radioactive tracers

·        Energy levels or electron shells

·        Only electrons are directly involved in the chemical reaction between atoms.

·        Energy

·        Potential energy

·        Matter has a natural tendency to move to the lowest possible state of potential energy.

 

 

·        The amount of electron energy is analogous to a ball on a staircase…you are kidding, how so?

 

 

·        Figure 2.9 p. 31 Energy levels of electrons

·        What will cause an electron to move from a higher or to a lower energy level?

 

·        Electron Orbitals p. 32

·        Review electron configuration

·        Figure 2.10  p. 32

·        Valence electrons

·        Valence shell

 

Atoms combine by chemical bonding to form molecules p. 33

• Chemical bonds
• Covalent bonds
• Figure 2.12 Covalent bonding in 4 molecules p. 34
• Structural formula
• Molecular formula
• Double covalent bond
• Electronegativity
• Nonpolar covalent bond
• Polar covalent bond
• Ionic bond
• Ion
• Cation
• Anion
• Nonpolar covalent-------polar covalent------ionic

 

Weak chemical bonds play important roles in the chemistry of life p. 35

• Why are covalent bonds important?
• Why are weak bonds important? What are examples of weak bonds?
• Hydrogen bonds

• Figure 2.14 p. 35

 

A molecule’s biological function is related to its shape p. 36

• What roughly is the shape of a water molecule?
• Why is molecular shape important?

• Figure 2.15 Molecular shapes of water and methane p. 36
• Figure 2.16 Molecular shape and brain chemistry p. 36

• What is meant by “lock and key”? Give an example

• Figure 2.17 A molecular copycat p. 37

 

Chemical reactions change the composition of matter p. 37

• Chemical reaction
• Reactants
• Products
• Chemical equilibrium
• Dynamic equilibrium

Self-quiz p. 39 1-10