HomeBHS WebsiteCalendarAP Biology10th Grade BiologyStudy HallBiology LinksOnline Biology DictionaryPeriodic TableTeacher's Lounge ScienceCampbell Biology WebsiteCollege Board*Testing CenterChapter 10 Photosynthesis p. 176
Plants and other autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere p. 176
Two modes of nutrition
Autotrophs
Photoautrophs
Chemoautrophs
Heterotrophs
Consumers
Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plants
Figure 10.2 p. 178
Chlorophyll
Mesophyll
Stomata (stoma)
Cuticle
Chloroplast
Intermembrane space
Thylakoid spaces
Thylakoids
Grana (granum, singular)
Stroma
Evidence that chloroplasts split water molecules enables researchers to track atoms through photosynthesis p. 179
The splitting of water p. 179
An important result of photosynthesis is the extraction of hydrogen from water and its corporation into sugar
Photosynthesis as a Redox process p. 180
Compare the cellular respiration process to photosynthesis i.e. exergonic vs endergonic
The light reactions and the Calvin cycle cooperate in converting light energy to the chemical energy of food p. 180
Figure 10.4 p. 180
Light reactions (define)
NADP+ (also the reduced form)
By-products
Generate?
Photophosphorylation
Calvin cycle (define)
Location
Carbon fixation (define)
What are the products of the light reaction needed for the Calvin cycle?
The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH p. 181
Electromagnetic energy
Wavelength
Electromagnetic spectrum
Visible lights
Photons
What 2 wavelengths are most effectively absorbed by chlorophyll?
Photosynthetic pigments: The light receptors p. 181
Why leaves are green Figure 10.6 p. 182
Pigments
Chlorophyll a
Accessory pigments
Chlorophyll b
carotenoids
Which pigments is the light-absorbing pigment that participates directly in the light reactions?
Reflected (transmitted) vs absorption
Spectrophotometer
Figure 10.7 p. 182
Figure 10.8 p. 183
Absorption spectrum
Action spectrum
What are the most effective wavelengths for photosynthesis?
Least?
The action spectrum for photosynthesis does not exactly match the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a, why?
Engelmann’s experiment
The photoexcitation of chlorophyll p. 183
Figure 10.9 p. 184
What happens when chlorophyll or accessory pigments absorb photons? (ground state vs. excited state)
The excited state is unstable, so excited electrons quickly fall back to the ground state, releasing excess energy in the process. This released energy may be?
Why don’t pigment molecules fluoresce when in the thylakoid membranes?
Figure 10.10 p. 185
Photosystems: Light harvesting complexes of the thylakoids membrane p. 184
Figure 10.11 p. 185
Antenna complex
Reaction-center
Primary electron acceptor
What are the 2 types of photosystems located in the thylakoid membrane?
What are the 2 specialized chlorophylls used in the photosystems?
Noncyclic electron flow p. 185
Figure 10.12 p. 186
Location
Noncyclic photophosphorylation
Be able to explain the steps in this process
Chemiosmosis
Proton motive force
Photophosphorylation
Cyclic electron flow p. 187
Be able to explain this process
What is the main purpose of this process?
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Figure 10.13 p. 187
Figure 10.14 p. 187
A comparison of chemiosmosis in chloroplasts and mitochondria p. 188
Figure 10.15 p. 188
Figure 10.16 p. 189
Chemiosmosis in chloroplast and mitochondria are similar in several ways:
Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts differ in the following ways:
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2
to sugar p. 189
G3P
The 3 phases of the Calvin cycle
Figure 10.17 p. 190
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
RuBP (rubisco)
Phase 2: Reduction
Phase 3: Regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates p. 191
Arid
C3 plants
Photorespiration
C4 plants
Figure 10.18 p. 192
Mesophyll cells
PEP carboxylase
CAM Plants
Figure 10.19 p. 193
Crassulacean acid metabolism
Photosynthesis is the biosphere’s metabolic foundation p. 193
Figure 10.20 p. 194